A 61-year-old man presents with dysphagia and weight loss. On esophagogram, he is found to have a suspicious ulceration (see Figure). Subsequent endoscopy and biopsy reveal adenocarcinoma at the gastroesophageal junction (see Figure).
Figure.
Which of the following represents a well-known risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus?
- Helicobacter pylori infection
- cigarette smoking
- long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
- achalasia
- alcohol use
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